PART I. INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1. TERMINOLOGY
- Population, Sample, and Element
- Descriptive vs. Inferential Statistics
- Parameter vs. Statistic Sampling
- Error vs. Selection
- Bias Imprecision vs. Bias (Inaccuracy)
- Validity vs. Reliability
- Independent vs. Dependent Variables
- Normal (Gaussian), Skewed and Kurtotic curves
- Multiplication and Addition Rules of Probability
- Statistical Significance vs. Clinical Significance
- Statistical Abnormality vs. Clinical Abnormality
CHAPTER 2. MEAN, MEDIAN, AND MODE
- Mean
- Median
- Mode
- What’s Wrong Here? *#!!
CHAPTER 3. RANGE, VARIATION, AND STANDARD DEVIATION
- Range
- Variance
- Standard Deviation
- Coefficient of Variation
CHAPTER 4. KINDS OF DATA
- Nominal Data
- Ordinal Data
- Interval Data
- Ratio Data
PART II. RESEARCH DESIGN
CHAPTER 5. KINDS OF STUDIES
- Randomized Control Studies
- Matching Studies
- Stratified Randomization Studies
- Blind Studies
- Prospective (Cohort; Longitudinal) Studies
- Retrospective (Case-control) Studies
- Cross-sectional (Prevalence) Studies
- Experimental vs. Observational Studies
- Case Series and Case Reports
- Meta-analysis
- Crossover, Between-subjects, and Within-subjects Studies
- Therapeutic Trials
CHAPTER 6. GRAPHING
- Bar Graphs (Bar Charts)
- Tables
- Histograms
- Line Graphs
- Cumulative Frequency Curves
- Box-and-Whiskers Plots
- Stem-and-Leaf Plots
- Scattergrams
- Survival Curves
CHAPTER 7. HYPOTHESIS TESTING
- The Null and Alternative Hypotheses
- Rejecting the Null Hypothesis
PART III. STATISTICAL TESTS
- Parametric vs. Nonparametric Tests
CHAPTER 8. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
- The Z-score
CHAPTER 9. INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
- Confidence Intervals vs. Hypothesis Testing and P-values
CHAPTER 10. STANDARD ERROR OF THE MEAN
- The Central Limit Theorem
- Standard Error of the Mean (SEM)
CHAPTER 11. THE T-TEST
- The Meaning of the T-Test
- Comparing Two Samples
CHAPTER 12. ONE-TAILED VS. TWO-TAILED STUDIES
- The two-tailed test
- The one-tailed test
CHAPTER 13. P-ING (PEE-ING) ALL OVER THE PLACE
CHAPTER 14. TYPE I AND TYPE II ERRORS AND POWER
- Type I and Type II Errors
- Power
- Effect Size
- Bayesian Thinking
- Calculation of Sample Size
CHAPTER 15. ANOVA (ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE)
- ANOVA and F-ratio
- MANOVA and ANCOVA
CHAPTER 16. CORRELATION AND REGRESSION
- Correlation Techniques
- Correlation Coefficient
- Coefficient of Determination
- Correlation Does Not Mean Causation
- Criteria of Causality
- Regression
- Kinds of Regression Analysis
- Regression to the Mean
CHAPTER 17. NONPARAMETRIC TESTS
- Chi Square Goodness-of-Fit Test
- Nonparametric Tests That Use Ranking
- Nonparametric Tests That Do Not Use Ranking
CHAPTER 18. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TESTS
- Incidence vs. Prevalence
- Mortality, Morbidity, and Case Fatality
- Absolute Risk vs. Relative Risk (RR)
- Odds and Odds Ratio (Relative Odds)
- Absolute Risk Reduction (Attributable Risk) vs. Relative Risk Reduction
- Number Needed to Treat (NNT)
- Number Needed to Harm (NNH)
- Sensitivity vs. Specificity
- Positive and Negative Predictive Values
PART IV. ARE THE RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS CORRECT?
CHAPTER 19. WHAT'S WRONG HERE?
- Who Says So?
- How Does the Researcher Know?
- What's Missing?
- Did Someone Change the Subject?
- Does It Make Sense?
Appendix A. The Z table
Appendix B. The T table
Appendix C. The Chi-square Table
References
INDEX
